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career movement

  • 1 Armed Forces Movement / Movimento das Forças Armadas

       (MFA)
       The organization of career military who overthrew the Estado Novo in a virtually bloodless military coup or pronunciamento generating the Revolution of 25 April 1974. This organization began as a clandestine group of junior career officers, largely from the army, but later including air force and navy officers, who had a series of secret meetings in Évora and other cities beginning in the summer and fall of 1973. The general grievances of these officers, who tended to be junior officers in their thirties and forties with the ranks of lieutenant, captain, and major, centered on the colonial wars in Portugal's African Empire. By 1973, these conflicts were more than a decade old, and in two of the wars, namely Guinea- Bissau and Mozambique, the Portuguese forces were taking heavy losses and losing ground. The catalyst for organizing a formal protest at first was not political but professional and corporate: a July 1973 law passed by the Marcello Caetano government that responded to a shortage of officer candidates in the African wars by lowering the professional qualifications for officer candidates for militia officers, something deeply resented by the career officers. The MFA organized the military coup of 1974 that met little resistance.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Armed Forces Movement / Movimento das Forças Armadas

  • 2 Captains, Movement of the

       An informal name for the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), the organization of career military officers that organized the overthrow of the Estado Novo in the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A significant portion of the army officers of the MFA were captains who had fought in Portugal's African colonial wars in the 1960s and 1970s. Some historians noted parallels between the Captains' Movement of 1973-74 and the movement of "Young Lieutenants" of 28 May 1926, which bloodlessly overthrew the first parliamentary republic (1910-26).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Captains, Movement of the

  • 3 promoción profesional

    (n.) = career movement, career progression
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. The findings demonstrate that rigid working environments still frequently force women to chose between family and career progression.
    * * *
    (n.) = career movement, career progression

    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.

    Ex: The findings demonstrate that rigid working environments still frequently force women to chose between family and career progression.

    Spanish-English dictionary > promoción profesional

  • 4 promoción

    f.
    1 promotion, advancement, furtherance, development.
    2 promotion, giveaway.
    3 promotion, preferment, raise of position.
    * * *
    1 (gen) promotion
    2 EDUCACIÓN year, US class
    \
    campaña de promoción promotion campaign
    promoción interna internal promotion
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ascenso) [gen] promotion, advancement; [profesional] promotion
    2) [de producto, oferta] promotion
    3)
    4) (=año) class, year

    estaba en mi promoción — he was from my class o year, he was the same class o year as me

    5) (=ganga) special offer
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de actividad, producto) promotion
    b) ( ascenso) promotion
    2) (Educ)
    * * *
    = advancement, promotion, upward mobility, upward job mobility, career advancement, promoting, rise through the ranks, furtherance, professional advancement, cohort, advocacy.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. In order to denote the concept 'promotion' you have used the special auxiliaries enumerated at 35.07/.08.
    Ex. These institutions, bringing higher education to many families for the first time, offered a new channel for upward mobility.
    Ex. Upward job mobility, if it leads to geographical relocation, is unacceptable to the majority of professionals.
    Ex. This article studies job mobility of men and women librarians and how it affects career advancement.
    Ex. Promoting can be via advertising, personal contact or atmospherics (building design for users).
    Ex. Several respondents felt that women's rise through the ranks was less meteoric than that of their male colleagues.
    Ex. The aims of the centre are the furtherance of teaching and research on any aspect of South Asia.
    Ex. Race was identified in previous studies as a perceived barrier to professional advancement.
    Ex. This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.
    Ex. However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    ----
    * campaña de promoción = promotional campaign, advocacy.
    * capacidad de promoción = promotability.
    * de promoción = marketing, promotional.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * promoción comercial = marketing.
    * promoción de + Año = graduating class of + Año.
    * promoción de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * promoción de la lectura = reading promotion.
    * promoción de la salud = health promotion.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * promoción de productos = product-promoting.
    * promoción de ventas = sales promotion.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * promoción inmobiliaria = property development.
    * promoción laboral = job promotion.
    * promoción profesional = career movement, career progression.
    * promoción social = social advancement.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de actividad, producto) promotion
    b) ( ascenso) promotion
    2) (Educ)
    * * *
    = advancement, promotion, upward mobility, upward job mobility, career advancement, promoting, rise through the ranks, furtherance, professional advancement, cohort, advocacy.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.

    Ex: In order to denote the concept 'promotion' you have used the special auxiliaries enumerated at 35.07/.08.
    Ex: These institutions, bringing higher education to many families for the first time, offered a new channel for upward mobility.
    Ex: Upward job mobility, if it leads to geographical relocation, is unacceptable to the majority of professionals.
    Ex: This article studies job mobility of men and women librarians and how it affects career advancement.
    Ex: Promoting can be via advertising, personal contact or atmospherics (building design for users).
    Ex: Several respondents felt that women's rise through the ranks was less meteoric than that of their male colleagues.
    Ex: The aims of the centre are the furtherance of teaching and research on any aspect of South Asia.
    Ex: Race was identified in previous studies as a perceived barrier to professional advancement.
    Ex: This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.
    Ex: However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    * campaña de promoción = promotional campaign, advocacy.
    * capacidad de promoción = promotability.
    * de promoción = marketing, promotional.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * promoción comercial = marketing.
    * promoción de + Año = graduating class of + Año.
    * promoción de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * promoción de la lectura = reading promotion.
    * promoción de la salud = health promotion.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * promoción de productos = product-promoting.
    * promoción de ventas = sales promotion.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * promoción inmobiliaria = property development.
    * promoción laboral = job promotion.
    * promoción profesional = career movement, career progression.
    * promoción social = social advancement.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una actividad, un producto) promotion
    promoción de ventas sales promotion
    2 (ascenso) promotion
    B ( Educ):
    somos de la misma promoción we graduated together o at the same time
    los médicos de la promoción de 1988 the doctors who qualified in 1988
    los oficiales de mi promoción ( Mil) the officers who were commissioned at the same time as me
    C (en fútbol) play-off
    * * *

     

    promoción sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (de actividad, producto) promotion;



    2 (Educ):

    promoción sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una persona) promotion
    2 (de estudios, etc) year, class: son de la promoción del 58, they graduated together in '58
    3 (de un producto) promotion, special offer
    ' promoción' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escalada
    - hornada
    English:
    advancement
    - class
    - endorsement
    - freebie
    - hype
    - promotion
    - sales promotion
    - promotional
    * * *
    1. [de producto, candidato] promotion
    Com promoción de ventas sales promotion
    2. [ascenso] promotion
    3. [en deportes] promotion;
    van a jugar la promoción they will play off to decide who is promoted
    4. [curso] class, year;
    la promoción del 91 the class of 91
    * * *
    f
    1 en empresa promotion
    2 EDU class, Br
    year
    3 DEP play-offs pl
    * * *
    promoción nf, pl - ciones
    1) : promotion
    2) : class, year
    3) : play-off (in soccer)

    Spanish-English dictionary > promoción

  • 5 profesional

    adj.
    professional.
    f. & m.
    1 professional, career man, pro.
    2 career woman.
    * * *
    1 (gen) professional
    1 professional
    ■ trabaja el cuero de maravilla, es todo un profesional he does wonders with leather, he's a real professional
    * * *
    noun mf. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <fotógrafo/deportista> professional

    su vida profesional — her work, her professional life

    II
    masculino y femenino
    a) ( no aficionado) professional
    b) ( de las profesiones liberales) professional
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <fotógrafo/deportista> professional

    su vida profesional — her work, her professional life

    II
    masculino y femenino
    a) ( no aficionado) professional
    b) ( de las profesiones liberales) professional
    * * *
    profesional1
    1 = practitioner, professional, pro.
    Nota: Abreviatura de professional.

    Ex: The expansion of knowledge presents an even more serious problem for other practitioners, such as managers and teachers who need to keep abreast of a relatively wide field in a general way.

    Ex: Hernandez preferred to show his gratitude and loyalty to Crane by staying on as a professional at CPFPL after he had earned his MLS.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Installing a low-cost LAN: fool-proof tips from a pro'.
    * edición especializada para profesionales = professional publishing.
    * herramienta para profesionales = specialist tool, professional tool.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * producto para profesionales = specialist product.
    * profesional bibliotecario = library professional.
    * profesional dedicado al servicio = service professional.
    * profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.
    * profesional de la biblioteca = library professional.
    * profesional de la educación = educational professional.
    * profesional de la enseñanza = educational professional.
    * profesional de la gestión documental = information management professional.
    * profesional de la información = information officer, information professional, information worker, info pro.
    * profesional de la salud = health professional.
    * profesional de las bibliotecas y la información = library and information professional.
    * profesional de la tecnología de la información = informatics professional.
    * profesional encargado de la gestión de documentos = records professional.
    * profesionales de la información, los = information community, the.
    * profesionales de la salud = healing professions.
    * profesionales de las bibliotecas y la información, los = library and information profession, the.
    * profesionales sanitarios = healing professions.
    * profesional informático = computer professional.
    * profesional sanitario = health-care worker, health worker, health professional, health care professional.

    profesional2
    2 = occupational, professional, vocational, workmanlike.

    Ex: The United States Labor Department has diligently worked on removing both age and sex reference from their official occupational titles in accordance with federal law and executive directives.

    Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex: Large numbers of students are choosing short vocational courses today.
    Ex: If the book fulfils a useful function for the students of this subject at the appropriate level then the author should congratulate himself on having done a useful workmanlike job.
    * afiliación profesional = professional membership, professional affiliation.
    * asesoramiento profesional = career(s) advice.
    * asesor de salidas profesionales = career(s) adviser.
    * asociación profesional = guild [gild].
    * carrera profesional = professional career.
    * código de ética profesional = professional code of ethics.
    * compartir la experiencia profesional = pool + expertise.
    * con experiencia profesional = professionally-qualified.
    * consejero sobre salidas profesionales = career counsellor.
    * contactos profesionales = networking, professional networking.
    * con titulación profesional = professionally educated.
    * con una orientación profesional = career-focused.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * cultura profesional = professional culture.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * ejército profesional = professional army.
    * ejército profesional, el = regular army, the.
    * enfermedad profesional = occupational disease.
    * establecer contactos profesionales = networking.
    * experiencia profesional = career experience, expertise, staff expertise, professional skills, professional experience.
    * experiencia profesional común = pool of expertise.
    * falta de ética científica profesional = scientific misconduct.
    * falta de ética profesional = unethical behaviour, unethical conduct, malpractice.
    * falta de ética profesional de género = sexual misconduct.
    * falta de ética profesional sexual = sexual misconduct.
    * formación profesional = vocational training, further education.
    * futuro profesional = professional future.
    * herramienta profesional = specialist tool, professional tool.
    * Junta Profesional de la IFLA = IFLA's Professional Board.
    * negligencia profesional = malpractice.
    * no profesional = non-professional [nonprofessional].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.
    * poco profesional = amateurish, unprofessional.
    * producto profesional = specialist product.
    * promoción profesional = career movement.
    * salidas profesionales = employability, job opportunities.
    * satisfacción profesional = professional satisfaction, job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * solidaridad profesional = professional solidarity.
    * titulación profesional = professional qualification.
    * título profesional = professional qualification.
    * trayectoria profesional como bibliotecario = library career.
    * vida profesional = professional life.
    * visita a centros profesionales = study tour.

    * * *
    ‹fotógrafo/jugador› professional
    influye en su vida profesional it is affecting her work o her professional life
    1 (no amateur) professional
    un gran profesional a true professional
    un profesional del crimen a professional criminal
    * * *

     

    profesional adjetivo ‹fotógrafo/deportista› professional ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    professional
    profesional adjetivo & mf professional
    ' profesional' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aficionada
    - aficionado
    - argot
    - asesorar
    - bata
    - colegio
    - deformación
    - estamento
    - formación
    - FP
    - jerga
    - negligencia
    - rango
    - secreta
    - secreto
    - truncar
    - verdadera
    - verdadero
    - calificado
    - cita
    - colegiado
    - consagrar
    - destacado
    - gremial
    - orientación
    - preparado
    - reconversión
    - reconvertir
    - retirada
    - trayectoria
    English:
    advice
    - advise
    - adviser
    - bar
    - business card
    - dancer
    - diver
    - high
    - job satisfaction
    - malpractice
    - manner
    - occupational
    - on-the-job
    - practicing
    - practising
    - practitioner
    - prizefighter
    - pro
    - professional
    - qualified
    - rise
    - trade
    - trade secret
    - train
    - training
    - unbusinesslike
    - unprofessional
    - untrained
    - vocational
    - disqualify
    - move
    - paramedic
    - technical
    - work
    - workmanlike
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la profesión] professional
    2. [eficaz] professional;
    es un albañil muy profesional he's a very professional bricklayer
    3. [deportista] professional
    ♦ nmf
    1. [trabajador liberal] professional
    2. [deportista] professional
    3. [practicante de actividad] professional;
    un profesional del crimen a professional criminal;
    Hum
    un profesional del pesimismo a professional pessimist
    * * *
    I adj professional
    II m/f professional
    * * *
    profesional adj & nmf
    : professional
    * * *
    profesional adj n professional

    Spanish-English dictionary > profesional

  • 6 profesional2

    2 = occupational, professional, vocational, workmanlike.
    Ex. The United States Labor Department has diligently worked on removing both age and sex reference from their official occupational titles in accordance with federal law and executive directives.
    Ex. Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex. Large numbers of students are choosing short vocational courses today.
    Ex. If the book fulfils a useful function for the students of this subject at the appropriate level then the author should congratulate himself on having done a useful workmanlike job.
    ----
    * afiliación profesional = professional membership, professional affiliation.
    * asesoramiento profesional = career(s) advice.
    * asesor de salidas profesionales = career(s) adviser.
    * asociación profesional = guild [gild].
    * carrera profesional = professional career.
    * código de ética profesional = professional code of ethics.
    * compartir la experiencia profesional = pool + expertise.
    * con experiencia profesional = professionally-qualified.
    * consejero sobre salidas profesionales = career counsellor.
    * contactos profesionales = networking, professional networking.
    * con titulación profesional = professionally educated.
    * con una orientación profesional = career-focused.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * cultura profesional = professional culture.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * ejército profesional = professional army.
    * ejército profesional, el = regular army, the.
    * enfermedad profesional = occupational disease.
    * establecer contactos profesionales = networking.
    * experiencia profesional = career experience, expertise, staff expertise, professional skills, professional experience.
    * experiencia profesional común = pool of expertise.
    * falta de ética científica profesional = scientific misconduct.
    * falta de ética profesional = unethical behaviour, unethical conduct, malpractice.
    * falta de ética profesional de género = sexual misconduct.
    * falta de ética profesional sexual = sexual misconduct.
    * formación profesional = vocational training, further education.
    * futuro profesional = professional future.
    * herramienta profesional = specialist tool, professional tool.
    * Junta Profesional de la IFLA = IFLA's Professional Board.
    * negligencia profesional = malpractice.
    * no profesional = non-professional [nonprofessional].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.
    * poco profesional = amateurish, unprofessional.
    * producto profesional = specialist product.
    * promoción profesional = career movement.
    * salidas profesionales = employability, job opportunities.
    * satisfacción profesional = professional satisfaction, job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * solidaridad profesional = professional solidarity.
    * titulación profesional = professional qualification.
    * título profesional = professional qualification.
    * trayectoria profesional como bibliotecario = library career.
    * vida profesional = professional life.
    * visita a centros profesionales = study tour.

    Spanish-English dictionary > profesional2

  • 7 celosía

    f.
    1 window blind, jalousie, shades, blind.
    2 Celosia.
    3 lattice.
    * * *
    1 (reja) lattice
    2 (ventana) lattice window
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=enrejado) lattice, lattice window
    2) (=contraventana) slatted shutter
    3) (=celos) jealousy
    * * *
    femenino lattice, latticework
    * * *
    = lattice, trellis.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.
    * * *
    femenino lattice, latticework
    * * *
    = lattice, trellis.

    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.

    Ex: As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.

    * * *
    (para ventanas) lattice, latticework; (para plantas) trellis
    * * *

    celosía sustantivo femenino lattice
    * * *
    lattice window, jalousie
    * * *
    f lattice
    * * *
    1) : lattice window
    2) : latticework, trellis

    Spanish-English dictionary > celosía

  • 8 enrejado

    adj.
    barred, latticed.
    m.
    1 railings (barrotes) (de balcón, verja).
    2 trellis.
    3 grille, grating, gridwork.
    4 lattice, lattice work, latticework.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: enrejar.
    * * *
    1 (reja) railings plural, grating
    2 (de celda etc) bars plural; (de jardín) trellis; (de ventana) lattice; (alambrada) wire netting
    3 COSTURA openwork
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=rejas) grating; [de ventana] lattice; [en jardín] trellis; [de jaula] bars pl

    enrejado de alambre — wire netting, wire netting fence

    2) (Cos) openwork
    * * *
    masculino (de verja, balcón) railing, railings (pl); ( rejilla) grating, grille; ( para plantas) trellis
    * * *
    = lattice, trellis pattern, trellis, trellis work.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. The bracelet is decorated with a trellis pattern containing frontal human heads, birds, hares and fruit.
    Ex. As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.
    Ex. For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.
    * * *
    masculino (de verja, balcón) railing, railings (pl); ( rejilla) grating, grille; ( para plantas) trellis
    * * *
    = lattice, trellis pattern, trellis, trellis work.

    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.

    Ex: The bracelet is decorated with a trellis pattern containing frontal human heads, birds, hares and fruit.
    Ex: As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.
    Ex: For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.

    * * *
    1 (de una verja, un balcón) railing, railings (pl)
    2 (rejilla) grating, grille
    3 (para plantas) trellis
    * * *

    Del verbo enrejar: ( conjugate enrejar)

    enrejado es:

    el participio

    enrejado sustantivo masculino (de verja, balcón) railing, railings (pl);
    ( rejilla) grating, grille;
    ( para plantas) trellis
    ' enrejado' also found in these entries:
    English:
    railing
    - lattice
    - trellis
    * * *
    1. [barrotes] [de balcón, verja] railings;
    [de jaula, celda, ventana] bars
    2. [de cañas] trellis
    * * *
    1) : railing
    2) : grating, grille
    3) : trellis, lattice

    Spanish-English dictionary > enrejado

  • 9 entramado

    adj.
    half-timbered, wattled.
    m.
    framework.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: entramar.
    * * *
    1 wooden framework
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Arquit) (=estructura) framework, timber, lumber (EEUU); [de puente] framework
    2) (=red) network
    * * *
    a) (Arquit, Const) framework; (estructura, trabazón) framework, structure
    b) (Tec) network
    * * *
    = grid, mesh [meshes, -pl.], lattice, web, nexus, skein, lacework, trellis pattern, trellis, trellis work.
    Ex. Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.
    Ex. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. A child may find through reading a book that a dull day is transformed because he has met a talking pig and a spider that can write in 'Charlotte's web'.
    Ex. The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex. Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.
    Ex. Beguiling as the show is, it perhaps lacks major impact because it has taken elements from lacework and painting in such a way as to avoid the fundamental challenges of both.
    Ex. The bracelet is decorated with a trellis pattern containing frontal human heads, birds, hares and fruit.
    Ex. As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.
    Ex. For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.
    ----
    * entramado de alambre = wire mesh.
    * entramado social, el = social web, the.
    * * *
    a) (Arquit, Const) framework; (estructura, trabazón) framework, structure
    b) (Tec) network
    * * *
    = grid, mesh [meshes, -pl.], lattice, web, nexus, skein, lacework, trellis pattern, trellis, trellis work.

    Ex: Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.

    Ex: Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex: A child may find through reading a book that a dull day is transformed because he has met a talking pig and a spider that can write in 'Charlotte's web'.
    Ex: The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex: Unbridled photocopying will lead to the imminent demise of the communications skein.
    Ex: Beguiling as the show is, it perhaps lacks major impact because it has taken elements from lacework and painting in such a way as to avoid the fundamental challenges of both.
    Ex: The bracelet is decorated with a trellis pattern containing frontal human heads, birds, hares and fruit.
    Ex: As humans began the colonization of the Old World tropics, they evolved a trellis of interrelationships across a broad geographical range.
    Ex: For such designs he introduced many features from early English gardens -- raised flower beds, terraces, and trellis work.
    * entramado de alambre = wire mesh.
    * entramado social, el = social web, the.

    * * *
    1 ( Arquit, Const) framework
    2 (estructura, trabazón) framework, structure
    el entramado jurídico the judicial framework o structure
    el entramado de compañías que constituyen el grupo the network of companies which form the group
    3 ( Tec) network
    * * *
    1. [de hierro, madera] framework
    2. [estructura] framework, structure;
    el entramado financiero del país the financial structure of the country
    3. [red] network;
    la prensa destapó un entramado de corrupción en la policía the press uncovered a web of corruption in the police force
    * * *
    m ARQUI framework; fig
    network
    * * *
    : framework

    Spanish-English dictionary > entramado

  • 10 estructura

    f.
    structure.
    estructura profunda/superficial deep/surface structure
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: estructurar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: estructurar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) structure
    2 (armazón) frame, framework
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de poema, célula, organización] structure

    estructura profunda — (Ling) deep structure

    estructura superficial — (Ling) surface structure

    2) [de edificio] frame, framework
    * * *
    a) (de edificio, puente) structure, framework; ( de mueble) frame; (de célula, mineral) structure
    b) (de oración, novela) structure
    c) ( de empresa) structure; ( de sociedad) structure, framework
    * * *
    = frame, framework, pattern, structure, texture, lattice, fabric, carcass.
    Ex. Next the book was placed on the sewing frame, and the folded sheets were sewn by hand with needle and thread on to four or five cords or thongs.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    Ex. This chapter does not consider the principles underlying AACR, nor does it review the structure of the code to any significant extent.
    Ex. The fruits of Mr. Kilgour's labors and creations have substantially altered the texture of contemporary America library service = Los frutos de los trabajos y creaciones del Sr. Kilgour han alterado sustancialmente la naturaleza del servicio bibliotecario de la América contemporánea.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. The conventional pattern of change has been an evolutionary introduction of the use of technology with no unusual signs of strain in the organizational fabric.
    Ex. The bathroom cabinet carcass is made of plywood.
    ----
    * con estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * con estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * DSIS (Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda) = DISI (Deep Structure Indexing System).
    * estructura arbórea = tree structure.
    * estructura básica = skeleton.
    * estructura de apoyo = support structure.
    * estructura de datos = data structure.
    * estructura de ficheros = file design.
    * estructura de la institución = organisational structure.
    * estructura del edificio = building shell.
    * estructura del registro = record structure.
    * estructura demográfica = demographics.
    * estructura de poder = power structure.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * estructura jerárquica = chain of command, hierarchical structure.
    * estructura jerárquica de gestión = line management.
    * estructura jerárquica de una organización = hierarchy ladder.
    * estructura laboral = job structuring.
    * estructura lógica = logical data structure.
    * estructura molecular = molecular structure.
    * estructura organizativa = organisational structure.
    * estructura piramidal = pyramid structure.
    * estructura química = chemical structure.
    * estructura relacional = relation structure.
    * estructura social = social structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * reparador de estructuras altas = steeplejack.
    * sin estructura = unstructured.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * una estructura de = a pattern of.
    * vivienda con estructura de madera = frame dwelling.
    * * *
    a) (de edificio, puente) structure, framework; ( de mueble) frame; (de célula, mineral) structure
    b) (de oración, novela) structure
    c) ( de empresa) structure; ( de sociedad) structure, framework
    * * *
    = frame, framework, pattern, structure, texture, lattice, fabric, carcass.

    Ex: Next the book was placed on the sewing frame, and the folded sheets were sewn by hand with needle and thread on to four or five cords or thongs.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    Ex: This chapter does not consider the principles underlying AACR, nor does it review the structure of the code to any significant extent.
    Ex: The fruits of Mr. Kilgour's labors and creations have substantially altered the texture of contemporary America library service = Los frutos de los trabajos y creaciones del Sr. Kilgour han alterado sustancialmente la naturaleza del servicio bibliotecario de la América contemporánea.
    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex: The conventional pattern of change has been an evolutionary introduction of the use of technology with no unusual signs of strain in the organizational fabric.
    Ex: The bathroom cabinet carcass is made of plywood.
    * con estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * con estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * de estructura de acero = steel-framed.
    * de estructura de madera = timber-framed.
    * DSIS (Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda) = DISI (Deep Structure Indexing System).
    * estructura arbórea = tree structure.
    * estructura básica = skeleton.
    * estructura de apoyo = support structure.
    * estructura de datos = data structure.
    * estructura de ficheros = file design.
    * estructura de la institución = organisational structure.
    * estructura del edificio = building shell.
    * estructura del registro = record structure.
    * estructura demográfica = demographics.
    * estructura de poder = power structure.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * estructura jerárquica = chain of command, hierarchical structure.
    * estructura jerárquica de gestión = line management.
    * estructura jerárquica de una organización = hierarchy ladder.
    * estructura laboral = job structuring.
    * estructura lógica = logical data structure.
    * estructura molecular = molecular structure.
    * estructura organizativa = organisational structure.
    * estructura piramidal = pyramid structure.
    * estructura química = chemical structure.
    * estructura relacional = relation structure.
    * estructura social = social structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * reparador de estructuras altas = steeplejack.
    * sin estructura = unstructured.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * una estructura de = a pattern of.
    * vivienda con estructura de madera = frame dwelling.

    * * *
    1 (de un edificio, puente) structure, framework; (de un mueble) frame; (de una célula, un mineral) structure
    una estructura de madera/hormigón a wooden/concrete structure
    2 (de una oración, frase) structure; (de una novela, un poema) structure
    3 (de una empresa) structure; (de una sociedad) structure, framework
    la estructura social en la Edad Media the social framework in the Middle Ages
    la estructura jerárquica dentro de la empresa the hierarchical structure within the company
    Compuesto:
    estructura profunda/superficial
    deep/surface structure
    * * *

     

    Del verbo estructurar: ( conjugate estructurar)

    estructura es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    estructura    
    estructurar
    estructura sustantivo femenino
    structure
    estructurar ( conjugate estructurar) verbo transitivo
    to structure, to organize
    estructura sustantivo femenino
    1 structure
    2 (de un edificio, etc) frame, framework
    estructurar verbo transitivo to structure, organize
    ' estructura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    armadura
    - armazón
    - esqueleto
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    - tubular
    - aparato
    - carcasa
    - compacto
    - construcción
    - enclenque
    - fuerza
    - sostener
    English:
    climbing frame
    - deserve
    - fabric
    - frame
    - framework
    - inner
    - let
    - make-up
    - shaky
    - shelter
    - structure
    - take down
    - top-heavy
    - unsafe
    - construction
    * * *
    1. [de sustancia, cuerpo, de organización] structure;
    la estructura del átomo the structure of the atom;
    la estructura social en la India the structure of Indian society
    2. [de edificio, mueble, nave] frame, framework
    3. Ling [de oración, texto] structure
    estructura profunda deep structure;
    estructura superficial surface structure
    * * *
    f structure
    * * *
    : structure, framework
    * * *
    estructura n structure

    Spanish-English dictionary > estructura

  • 11 jerarquía

    f.
    1 hierarchy, ladder of authority, rank, line of authority.
    2 authority.
    * * *
    1 hierarchy
    2 (grado) scale
    4 (persona) high-ranking person
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    a) ( organización) hierarchy
    b) (categoría, rango) rank
    * * *
    = hierarchy, ladder, tree, pecking order, ranking order, ranking.
    Ex. Figure 12.1 shows a small hierarchy of subjects, or a group of ranked subjects which incorporates some statement of the relationships between those subjects.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. 'Tree' will show related terms linked by the tree structure; 'explode' will automatically expand the search term to include those terms in the same tree, using OR logic.
    Ex. Libraries have a peculiar pecking order -- public, academic, special.
    Ex. Library applications may require special arrangements in order to overcome certain difficulties posed by a pre-determined ranking order.
    Ex. Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    ----
    * jerarquía "es un tipo de" = is-a hierarchy.
    * jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.
    * jerarquía social = social hierarchy.
    * * *
    a) ( organización) hierarchy
    b) (categoría, rango) rank
    * * *
    = hierarchy, ladder, tree, pecking order, ranking order, ranking.

    Ex: Figure 12.1 shows a small hierarchy of subjects, or a group of ranked subjects which incorporates some statement of the relationships between those subjects.

    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex: 'Tree' will show related terms linked by the tree structure; 'explode' will automatically expand the search term to include those terms in the same tree, using OR logic.
    Ex: Libraries have a peculiar pecking order -- public, academic, special.
    Ex: Library applications may require special arrangements in order to overcome certain difficulties posed by a pre-determined ranking order.
    Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    * jerarquía "es un tipo de" = is-a hierarchy.
    * jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.
    * jerarquía social = social hierarchy.

    * * *
    1 (organización) hierarchy
    la jerarquía eclesiástica/militar the ecclesiastical/military hierarchy
    2 (categoría, rango) rank
    no se aprovechaba de su jerarquía he didn't abuse his position o rank
    * * *

     

    jerarquía sustantivo femenino

    b) (categoría, rango) rank

    jerarquía sustantivo femenino
    1 hierarchy: el papa encabeza la jerarquía de su Iglesia, the Pope is at the top of the Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy
    2 (grado, escalafón) rank
    ' jerarquía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    degradar
    - nivel
    - suma
    - sumo
    - abajo
    - arriba
    - burocrático
    - escalar
    - igual
    - inferior
    - primero
    - sobre
    - subalterno
    - superior
    English:
    deputy
    - grade
    - hierarchy
    - senior
    - seniority
    - tier
    - high
    - pecking order
    * * *
    1. [autoridades] hierarchy;
    la jerarquía católica del país the leaders of the Catholic church in the country;
    2. [rango] rank;
    en esta oficina hay varias jerarquías there is a clear hierarchy in this office
    * * *
    f hierarchy
    * * *
    1) : hierarchy
    2) rango: rank

    Spanish-English dictionary > jerarquía

  • 12 retícula

    f.
    reticle, reticule, graticule.
    * * *
    1 reticle
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Ópt) reticle
    2) (Fot) screen
    * * *
    = lattice, crosshairs.
    Ex. Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.
    Ex. Animals give me more pleasure through the viewfinder of a camera than they ever did in the crosshairs of a gun sight.
    * * *
    = lattice, crosshairs.

    Ex: Special attention should be given to Figure 2, which proposes two lattices (or ladders) for career movement in libraries.

    Ex: Animals give me more pleasure through the viewfinder of a camera than they ever did in the crosshairs of a gun sight.

    * * *
    reticle
    * * *
    reticle

    Spanish-English dictionary > retícula

  • 13 tenor

        tenor ōris, m    [2 TA-], a holding on, continuance, uninterrupted course, career: hasta servat tenorem, keeps its direction, V.: (aulaea) placido educta tenore Tota patent, by a steady motion, O. —Fig., a course, tenor, career, movement: rerum, L.: pugnae, L.: vitae, O.: plebem eodem tenore colo, persistently, L.: eodem tenore duo consulatūs gessi, following the same policy, L.: Non... dies alium tenuisse tenorem Crediderim, V.—In the phrase, uno tenore, in one course, uninterruptedly, uniformly, steadily, progressively: isque (stilus medius) uno tenore, ut aiunt, fluit in dicendo: brevis res est, si uno tenore peragitur, L.
    * * *
    course, tenor; sustained and even course of movement

    Latin-English dictionary > tenor

  • 14 revive

    [rɪ'vaɪv] 1.
    1) (from coma, faint) rianimare, fare riprendere i sensi a [ person]
    2) fig. ridare vita a [ custom]; rinfrescare [ memory]; riaccendere [interest, hopes]; rimettere in vigore [ law]; rilanciare [debate, career, movement]; fare tornare in voga [ fashion]; ridare slancio a [ economy]

    to revive sb.'s (flagging) spirits — tirare su il morale a qcn

    3) teatr. rimettere in scena [ play]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo [ person] riprendersi, riprendere conoscenza; [hopes, interest] rinascere, riaccendersi; [ economy] riprendersi
    * * *
    1) (to come, or bring, back to consciousness, strength, health etc: They attempted to revive the woman who had fainted; She soon revived; The flowers revived in water; to revive someone's hopes.) rianimare, riprendersi
    2) (to come or bring back to use etc: This old custom has recently (been) revived.) ristabilire
    •
    * * *
    [rɪ'vaɪv] 1.
    1) (from coma, faint) rianimare, fare riprendere i sensi a [ person]
    2) fig. ridare vita a [ custom]; rinfrescare [ memory]; riaccendere [interest, hopes]; rimettere in vigore [ law]; rilanciare [debate, career, movement]; fare tornare in voga [ fashion]; ridare slancio a [ economy]

    to revive sb.'s (flagging) spirits — tirare su il morale a qcn

    3) teatr. rimettere in scena [ play]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo [ person] riprendersi, riprendere conoscenza; [hopes, interest] rinascere, riaccendersi; [ economy] riprendersi

    English-Italian dictionary > revive

  • 15 revive

    revive [rɪˈvaɪv]
       a. [+ person] (from near death) réanimer
       b. [+ interest] raviver ; [+ trade, business] relancer
    * * *
    [rɪ'vaɪv] 1.
    1) gen remonter; (from coma, faint etc) faire reprendre connaissance à [person]
    2) fig raviver [custom]; ranimer [interest, hopes]; remettre en vigueur [law]; relancer [debate, career, movement]; remettre [quelque chose] à la mode [style, fashion]; revigorer [economy]
    3) Theatre reprendre [play]
    2.
    intransitive verb [person] (from coma, faint) reprendre connaissance; [interest] renaître; [economy] reprendre

    English-French dictionary > revive

  • 16 infancy

    1 ( young childhood) première enfance f, petite enfance f ; from (one's) infancy de sa petite enfance ; in early infancy dans la toute petite enfance ; in (one's) infancy en bas âge ;
    2 fig débuts mpl ; in its infancy à ses débuts ; in the infancy of au tout début de [career, movement] ; to be still in its infancy fig [company, project] en être encore à ses débuts or à ses premiers balbutiements ;
    3 Jur minorité f.

    Big English-French dictionary > infancy

  • 17 revive

    A vtr
    1 gen remonter ; (from coma, faint etc) réanimer, faire reprendre connaissance à [person] ; the fresh air will revive you tu te sentiras mieux quand tu auras respiré un peu d'air frais ;
    2 fig raviver [custom, institution, memory] ; ranimer [anger, fears, enthusiasm, interest, hopes, friendship] ; remettre [qch] à l'ordre du jour [proposals] ; remettre en vigueur [law] ; relancer [debate, career, movement] ; remettre [qch] à la mode [style, fashion] ; revigorer [economy] ; faire revivre [language] ; to revive sb's (flagging) spirits remonter le moral à qn ; to revive interest in sb/sth susciter un regain d'intérêt pour qn/qch ;
    3 Theat reprendre [play].
    B vi [person] (from coma, faint) reprendre connaissance ; [wilting flowers] retrouver leur fraîcheur ; [hopes, interest, enthusiasm] renaître ; [market, economy] reprendre ; he revived once he went outside il s'est senti mieux dès qu'il est sorti ; our spirits soon revived nous avons vite retrouvé le moral.

    Big English-French dictionary > revive

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 step

    step
    1. noun
    1) (one movement of the foot in walking, running, dancing etc: He took a step forward; walking with hurried steps.)
    2) (the distance covered by this: He moved a step or two nearer; The restaurant is only a step (= a short distance) away.)
    3) (the sound made by someone walking etc: I heard (foot) steps.)
    4) (a particular movement with the feet, eg in dancing: The dance has some complicated steps.)
    5) (a flat surface, or one flat surface in a series, eg on a stair or stepladder, on which to place the feet or foot in moving up or down: A flight of steps led down to the cellar; Mind the step!; She was sitting on the doorstep.)
    6) (a stage in progress, development etc: Mankind made a big step forward with the invention of the wheel; His present job is a step up from his previous one.)
    7) (an action or move (towards accomplishing an aim etc): That would be a foolish/sensible step to take; I shall take steps to prevent this happening again.)

    2. verb
    (to make a step, or to walk: He opened the door and stepped out; She stepped briskly along the road.)
    - stepladder
    - stepping-stones
    - in
    - out of step
    - step aside
    - step by step
    - step in
    - step out
    - step up
    - watch one's step
    step1 n
    1. paso
    2. escalón / peldaño
    3. paso / medida
    step2 vb
    1. dar un paso / andar
    step this way, please pase por aquí, por favor
    2. pisar
    tr[step]
    1 (gen) paso; (sound) paso, pisada
    2 (distance) paso
    3 (move, act) paso
    ■ what's the next step? ¿cuál es el próximo paso?
    5 (degree on scale, stage in process) peldaño, escalón nombre masculino, paso
    6 (stair) escalón nombre masculino, peldaño, grada; (of ladder) escalón nombre masculino, travesaño; (of vehicle) estribo
    1 (move, walk) dar un paso, andar
    2 (tread) pisar
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (stepladder) escalera de tijera
    1 (outdoor) escalinata; (indoor) escalera; (of plane) escalerilla
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    every step of the way en todo momento, desde principio a fin
    step by step paso a paso, poco a poco
    step on it!, step on the gas! ¡date prisa!, ¡pisa a fondo!
    to be in step / keep in step (walking) llevar el paso 2 (dancing) llevar el compás
    to be one step ahead llevar la ventaja
    to be out of step (walking) no llevar el paso 2 (dancing) no llevar el compás
    to step into somebody's shoes pasar a ocupar el puesto de alguien
    to step into the breach llenar el hueco
    to watch one's step (be careful) andar con cuidado 2 (when walking) mirar por dónde camina
    a step up un ascenso
    step ['stɛp] vi, stepped ; stepping
    1) : dar un paso
    step this way, please: pase por aquí, por favor
    2)
    to step on : pisar
    step n
    1) : paso m
    step by step: paso por paso
    2) stair: escalón m, peldaño m
    3) rung: escalón m, travesaño m
    4) measure, move: medida f, paso m
    to take steps: tomar medidas
    5) stride: paso m
    with a quick step: con paso rápido
    n.
    • escalera s.f.
    • escalón s.m.
    • estribo s.m.
    • estribo de un coche s.m.
    • etapa s.f.
    • gestión s.f.
    • grada s.f.
    • grado s.m.
    • medida s.f.
    • paso s.m.
    • patada s.f.
    • peldaño s.m.
    • trámite s.m.
    v.
    • andar v.
    (§pret: anduv-)
    • escalonar v.
    • medir a pasos v.
    • pisar v.

    I step
    1) c (footstep, pace) paso m

    to take a step forward — dar* un paso adelante

    to follow in somebody's steps — seguir* los pasos de alguien

    to be/keep one step ahead: they're one step ahead of us nos llevan cierta ventaja; he tries to keep one step ahead of his students trata de que sus alumnos no lo aventajen; to watch one's step (be cautious, behave well) andarse* con cuidado or con pie de plomo; watch your step — ( when walking) mira por dónde caminas

    2)
    a) c ( of dance) paso m
    b) u (in marching, walking) paso m

    to be in/out of step — llevar/no llevar el paso; ( in dancing) llevar/no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to break step — romper* el paso

    in/out of step with somebody/something: the leaders are out of step with the wishes of the majority — los líderes no sintonizan con los deseos de la mayoría

    3) ( distance) (no pl)
    4) c ( move) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    to take steps (to + inf) — tomar medidas (para + inf)

    5)
    a) c ( on stair) escalón m, peldaño m; ( on ladder) travesaño m, escalón m

    the museum steps — la escalinata or las escaleras del museo

    a flight of steps — un tramo m de escalera

    b) steps pl ( stepladder) (BrE) escalera f ( de mano or de tijera)
    6) c
    a) ( degree in scale) peldaño m, escalón m
    b) (AmE Mus)

    II

    would you step inside/outside for a moment? — ¿quiere pasar/salir un momento?

    to step IN/ON something — pisar algo

    sorry, I stepped on your toe — perdón, te pisé

    to step on it o on the gas — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL), meterle (AmL fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [step]
    1. N
    1) (=movement) (lit, fig) paso m; (=sound) paso m, pisada f

    he heard steps outside — oyó pasos or pisadas fuera

    • to take a step back — dar un paso atrás

    • it's a big step for him — es un gran paso or salto para él

    • step by step — (lit, fig) poco a poco

    • to be a step closer to doing sth — estar más cerca de hacer algo

    • at every step — (lit, fig) a cada paso

    • the first step is to decide... — el primer paso es decidir...

    • to follow in sb's steps — seguir los pasos de algn

    • it's a great step forward — es un gran paso or salto adelante

    • I would go one step further and make all guns illegal — yo iría aún más lejos y prohibiría todo tipo de armas de fuego

    • what's the next step? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?

    • it's a step in the right direction — es un paso adelante

    • a step towards peace — un paso hacia la paz

    • to turn one's steps towards sth — dirigir los pasos hacia algo

    • it's a step up in his career — es un ascenso en su carrera profesional

    • to watch one's step — (lit, fig) ir con cuidado

    - be one step ahead of sb
    false 1., 1), spring 1., 4)
    2) (in dancing, marching) paso m

    • to break step — romper el paso

    • he quickly fell into step beside me — no tardó en ajustar su paso al mío

    • to be in step with sb — (lit) llevar el paso de algn

    to be/keep in step (with) — (in marching) llevar el paso (de); (in dance) llevar el compás or ritmo (de)

    • to be out of step — (in marching) no llevar el paso; (in dance) no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to get out of step — (in march) perder el paso; (in dance) perder el ritmo or compás

    - be out of step with sth/sb
    - fall or get out of step with sth/sb
    3) (=distance) paso m

    I'm just a step away if you need me — si me necesitas, solo estoy a un paso

    it's a good step or quite a step to the village * — el pueblo queda bastante lejos

    4) (=footprint) huella f
    5) (=measure) medida f

    • to take steps — tomar medidas

    6) (=stair) peldaño m, escalón m; (on bus) peldaño m, estribo m; (also: doorstep) escalón m de la puerta

    I'll meet you on the library steps — quedamos en los escalones or la escalinata de la biblioteca

    • a flight of stone steps — un tramo de escalera or de escalones de piedra

    7) steps (=stepladder) escalera f (de mano/de tijera)
    8) (in scale) peldaño m, grado m

    to get onto the next step in the salary scale — ascender un peldaño or subir de grado en la escala salarial

    9) (also: step aerobics) step m
    10) (US) (Mus) tono m
    2. VI
    1) (=walk)

    • to step on board — subir a bordo

    • won't you step inside? — ¿no quiere pasar?

    • he stepped into the room — entró en la habitación

    he stepped into his slippersousers — se puso las zapatillas/los pantalones

    • to step off a bus/planeain — bajarse de un autobús/aviónen

    • as he stepped onto the pavement... — al poner el pie en la acera...

    • as she stepped out of the car — al bajar del coche

    • I had to step outside for a breath of fresh air — tuve que salir fuera a tomar el aire

    • to step over sth — pasar por encima de algo

    - step out of line
    shoe
    2) (=tread)

    • to step in/on sth — pisar algo

    step on it! * — (=hurry up) ¡date prisa!, ¡ponte las pilas! *, ¡apúrate! (LAm); (Aut) ¡acelera!

    step on the gas — (US) pisar el acelerador

    toe
    3.
    CPD

    step change N — cambio m radical

    * * *

    I [step]
    1) c (footstep, pace) paso m

    to take a step forward — dar* un paso adelante

    to follow in somebody's steps — seguir* los pasos de alguien

    to be/keep one step ahead: they're one step ahead of us nos llevan cierta ventaja; he tries to keep one step ahead of his students trata de que sus alumnos no lo aventajen; to watch one's step (be cautious, behave well) andarse* con cuidado or con pie de plomo; watch your step — ( when walking) mira por dónde caminas

    2)
    a) c ( of dance) paso m
    b) u (in marching, walking) paso m

    to be in/out of step — llevar/no llevar el paso; ( in dancing) llevar/no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to break step — romper* el paso

    in/out of step with somebody/something: the leaders are out of step with the wishes of the majority — los líderes no sintonizan con los deseos de la mayoría

    3) ( distance) (no pl)
    4) c ( move) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    to take steps (to + inf) — tomar medidas (para + inf)

    5)
    a) c ( on stair) escalón m, peldaño m; ( on ladder) travesaño m, escalón m

    the museum steps — la escalinata or las escaleras del museo

    a flight of steps — un tramo m de escalera

    b) steps pl ( stepladder) (BrE) escalera f ( de mano or de tijera)
    6) c
    a) ( degree in scale) peldaño m, escalón m
    b) (AmE Mus)

    II

    would you step inside/outside for a moment? — ¿quiere pasar/salir un momento?

    to step IN/ON something — pisar algo

    sorry, I stepped on your toe — perdón, te pisé

    to step on it o on the gas — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL), meterle (AmL fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > step

  • 20 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

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  • Movement pattern analysis — (MPA) is a comprehensive system for assessing an individual’s core motivations in decision making processes, based on the disciplined analysis of nonverbal behaviour. MPA has a wide range of applications, from management consulting to career… …   Wikipedia

  • Movement to impeach George W. Bush — The movement to impeach George W. Bush is a series of actions and commentary within the public and private spheres voicing support for the impeachment of United States President George W. Bush. The phrase is also used in a broader sense to refer… …   Wikipedia

  • movement — n 1. motion, action, activity, stir, move; acts, actions, proceedings, doings, goings on, comings and goings. 2. progress, progression, advance, advancement, forward motion or movement; flow, flux, passage, career. 3. gesture, gesticulation, gest …   A Note on the Style of the synonym finder

  • Movement of Free Citizens — This article is about the Greek political party. For the Cambodian municipality of Kep or Keb, see Kep, Cambodia. The Movement of Free Citizens (Greek: Κίνημα Ελευθέρων Πολιτών, ΚΕΠ), also known by its acronym KEP, was a short lived, right of… …   Wikipedia

  • Career ladder — The term career ladder is a metaphor or buzzword used to denote vertical job promotion. In business and human resources management, the ladder typically describes the progression from entry level positions to higher levels of pay, skill,… …   Wikipedia

  • career — Synonyms and related words: Brownian movement, accomplished, advance, advancement, advancing, angular motion, art, ascending, ascent, at concert pitch, axial motion, backflowing, backing, backward motion, blunder, bolt, business, calling, careen …   Moby Thesaurus

  • career — n 1. course, progression, progress, passage, line, movement, march; orbit, flowing, flow, flux, rush, onrush, run; journey, trip, trek; direction, road, route, track, beat, way; lap, round, circuit, ambit. 2. occupation, profession, trade,… …   A Note on the Style of the synonym finder

  • Far East Movement — at the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards. From Left to Right: J Splif, Kev Nish, Prohgress, DJ Virman. Background information Origin …   Wikipedia

  • Military career of Hugo Chávez — The military career of Hugo Chávez spans the seventeen years (1975–1992) that the current President of Venezuela spent in the Venezuelan army. Leader of the Bolivarian Revolution , Chávez is known for his professed and self proclaimed democratic… …   Wikipedia

  • African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) — American Civil Rights Movement redirects here. For the earlier period, see African American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954). Prominent figures of the African American Civil Rights Movement. Clockwise from top left: W. E. B. Du Bois, Malcolm X,… …   Wikipedia

  • Peace movement — A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace.… …   Wikipedia

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